ALLARME Creatina???

[NaturalMan]

Mujika I, Chatard J, Lacoste L, Barale F, Geyssant A. Creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in competitive swimmers, bled Sci Sport Exerc 1996;28:1435-41.

Mujika, I.,. Padilla S. Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: a critical review. Int. J. Sports Med. 18:491-496,1997.

Mujika, I., S. Padilla, J. Ibanez, M. Izquierdo, E. Gorostiaga. Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 518-525, 2000.

Murphy R., G. McConell3, D. Cameron-Smith, K. Watt, L. Ackland, B. Walzel, T. Wallimann, R. Snow Creatine transporter protein content, localization, and gene expression in rat skeletal muscle AJP Cell Phys Vol. 280, Issue 3, C415-C422, March 2001

Mulvaney P.T., M.L Stracke., S.W.Nam, E. Woodhouse, M. O’Keefe, T.Clair, L.A. Liotta, R. Kaddurah- Daouk, E. Schiffmann. Cyclocreatine inhibits stimulated motility in tumor cells possessing creatine kinase. Int. J. Cancer 1998, 78, 46-52.

Murray R. The effects of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Sports Med. 1987; 4: 322-351.

Myburgh K, Bold A, Bellinger B, Wilson G, Noakes T. Creatine supplementation and sprint training in cyclists: metabolic and performance effects. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc 1996;28:S81.

Myburgh KH, Hutchins J, Fataar AB, Hough SF, Hoakes TD. Low bone density is an etiologic factor for stress fracture in athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:754-759.

Nanto-Salonen, K., et al., Reduced brain creatine in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinemia [see comments]. Neurology, 1999. 53(2): p. 303-307.

Nash, S. R., B. Giros, S. F. Kingsmore, J. M. Rochelle, S. T. Suter, P. Gregor, M. F. Seldin, and M. G. Caron. Cloning, pharmacological characterisation, and genomic localisation of the human creatine transporter. Receptors Channels 2: 165-174, 1994 .

National Research Council. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.

National Institutes of Health Workshop on the Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically Active People. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. June 3-4, 1996. Proceedings. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):503S-674S.

National Collegiate Athletic Association Proposal 99-72 Nutritional Supplements NCAA Division I board of Directors Pacific August/September 2000 https://www..ncaa.org/databasese/leg...99/99-072.html

Nelson A, Day R, Glickman-Weiss E, Hegstad M, Sampson B. Creatine supplementation raises anaerobic threshold. FASEB J 1997;11:A589.

Nemirovskaia, T. L., B. S. Shenkman, A. N. Nekrasov, A. V. Kuznetsov, and V. A. Saks. Effect of training on the structural metabolic indicators in athletes' skeletal muscles. Biokhimiya 58:471-479,1993.

Neubauer, S., Remkes, H., Spindler, M., Horn, M., Prestle, J., Walzel, B., Ertl, G., Hasenfuss, G., and T. Wallimann (1999). Downregulation of the Na+-creatine cotransporter in failing human myocardium and in experimental heart failure. Circulation (in press, 1999).

Neufer, P. D., D. L. Costill, R. A. Fielding, M. G. Flynn, and P. Kirwan. Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19:486-490,1987.

Nevill, M. E., L. H. Boobis, S. Brooks, and C. Williams. Effect of training on muscle metabolism during treadmill sprinting. J. Appl. Physiol. 67:2376-2382,1989.

Newsholme EA, Beis I (1996). Old and new ideas on the roles of phosphagens and the kinases. In Conway MA, Clark JF (editors): Creatine and creatine phosphate, Scientific and clinical perspectives (pages 3-15). San Diego, CA: Academic Press

Nieman David C Physical fitness and vegetarian diets: is there a relation? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 70, No. 3, 570S-575S, September 1999

Noonan B, French J, Street G (1998). Creatine supplementation and multiple skating task performance in Division I hockey players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, S310

Noonan D, Berg K, Latin RW et al (1998). Effects of varying dosages of oral creatine relative to fat free body mass on strength and body composition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, 104-8

Nordemar, R., et al., Muscle ATP content in rheumatoid arthritis--a biopsy study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1974. 34(2): p. 185-191.

Norman, B., A. Sollevi, and E. Jansson. Increased IMP content in glycogen-depleted muscle fibres during submaximal exercise in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 133:97-100,1988.

Nveri, H., S. Rehunen, K. Kuoppasalmi, I. Tulikoura, and M. H„rknen. Muscle metabolism during and after strenuous intermittent running. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 38:329-336,1978.

Odland L, MacDougall J, Tarnopolsky M, Elorriage A, Borgmann A, Atkinson S. The effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine and power output during a short-term maximal cycling task. bled Sci Sport Exerc 1994;26:S23.

Odland LM ; MacDougall JD ; Tarnopolsky MA ; Elorriaga A ; Borgmann A Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle [PCr] and short-term maximum power output. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29(2):216-9 1997 Feb

Odoom JE, Kemp GJ, Radda GK: The regulation of total creatine content in a myoblast cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 158:179–188, 1996

Ohira Y ; Inoue N Effects of creatine and beta-guanidinopropionic acid on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: i.p. injection and culture study. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1243(3):367-72 1995 Apr 13

Ohira Y ; Ishine S ; Inoue N ; Yunoki K Reduced growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in creatine depleted mice fed beta-guanidinopropionic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1097(2):117-22 1991 Sep 23
Odoom, J. E., G. J. Kemp, and G. K. Radda. Control of intracellular creatine concentration in a mouse myoblast cell line (Abstract). Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21: 441S, 1993 .

O'Gorman E, Beutner G, Wallimann T and Brdiczka D (1996) Differential effects of creatine depletion on the regulation of enzyme activities and on creatine-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1276: 161-170

Oopik, V., et al., Effect of creatine administration on blood urea level and postexercise glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle in rats. Ann Nutr Metab, 1996. 40(6): p. 359-363.

Oopik, V., M. Paasuke, S. Timpmann, L. Medijainen, J. Ereline, and T. Smirnova. Effect of creatine supplementation during rapid body mass reduction on metabolism and isokinetic muscle performance capacity. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 78:83-92,1998.

Oopik V., Timpmann S., Medijainen L. The role and application of dietary creatine supplementation in increasing physical performance capacity. Biol. Sport 12(4): 197-212, 1995.

OP 'T Eijnde, B., and P. Hespel. Short-term creatine supplementation does not alter the hormonal response to resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 3, 2001, pp. 449-453. .
Op 't Eijnde B. Ursø B, Richter E.A.. Greenhaff P.L Hespel P Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Human Muscle GLUT4 Protein Content After Immobilization Diabetes January 2001 Volume 50, Number 1
Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 605-613.

Parise G, Mihic S, MacLellan D, Yarasheski K and Tarnopolsky M (2000) Creatine monohydrate supplementation does no increase whole body or mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates in males and females (Abstract). Med Sci Sport Exerc 32: S289

Pasternack, A., and B. Juhlback. Diurnal variations of serum and urine creatine and creatinine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 27:1-7,1971.

Paul GL. Dietary protein requirements for physically active individuals. Sports Med. 1987; 8:154-176.

Pauletto P, Strumia E. Clinical experience with creatine phosphate therapy. In Conway M and Clark J. editors. Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Scientific and Clinical Perspectives. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996:185-98.

Pearson, D. R., D. G. Hamby, W. Russel, and T. Harris. Long-term effects of creatine monohydrate on strength and power. J. Strength Condit. Res. 13:187-192,1999.

Pecci MA. Lombardo JA Performance-enhancing supplements. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2000 Nov;11(4):949-60

Peeters BM, Lantz CD, Mayhew JL (1999). Effect of oral creatine monohydrate and creatine phosphate supplementation on maximal strength indices, body composition, and blood pressure. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. In press.

Peeters, B. M., C. D. Lantz, and J. L. Mayhew. Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and muscular endurance in resistance trained males. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:S140,1998.

Pepping J. Creatine. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999 Aug 15;56(16):1608-10.

Persky A, Brazeau GA Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Creatine Monohydrate PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 53, Issue 2, 161-176, June 2001

Peyrebrune M. C., M. E. Nevill, F. J. Donaldson, and D. J. Cosford. The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. J. Sports Sci. 16:271-279,1998.

Pirola V, Pisani L, Teruzzi P (1991). Evaluation of the recovery of muscular trophicity in aged patients with femoral fractures treated with creatine phosphate and physiokinesitherapy. Clinica Terapeutica 139, 115-9 (Italian)

Pitts RF (1934) The clearance of creatine in dog and man. Am J Physiol 109: 532-541.

Plisk, S. and R. Kreider, Creatine controversy? Strength Cond J, 1999. 21(1): p. 14-23

Plisk S.S. Focus on facts needed in creatine discussion (guest editorial). NCAA News 35(8): 4-5, 1998; available online <http://www.ncaa.org/news/19980223/comment.html>.

Plisk S., R.Kreider Clarifying The Creatine Myth http://www.angelfire.com/pe/txpls/plisk1.html

Poortmans J, Auquier H, Renaut V, Durassel A, Saugy M, Bdsson G. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men. Eur JAppi Physiol 1997;76:566-7.

Poortmans JR ; Francaux M Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(8):1108-10 1999 Aug

Poortmans JR, Francaux M (1998). Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements [letter]. Lancet 352, 234

Poortmans JR. Francaux M. Tarnopolsky MA. Pecci MA. Lombardo JA.Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Med 2000 Sep;30(3):155-70

Position of The American Dietetic Association: optimal weight as a health promotion strategy. J Am Diet Assoc. 1989; 89:1814-1817.

Potteiger, J.A., M.J. Hulver, C.A. Schroeder, G.G. Haff, A.J. Koch, M.J. Comeau, and K.E. Kuphal. Effects of creatine dietary supplementation on fluid intake, urine output and performance during exercise in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology (submitted for publication).

Preen, D., B. Dawson, C. Goodman, S. Lawrence, J. Beilby, and S. Ching. Effect of creatine loading on long-term sprint exercise performance and metabolism. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 814-821.

Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Morris GS (1997). Creatine supplementation enhances intermittent work performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 68, 233-40

Prevost M, Nelson A, Morris G. The effects of creatine supplementation on total work output and metabolism during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Res Q Exerc Sport 1997;68:233-40.

Pritchard NR, Kalra PA: Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements, letter. Lancet 1998;351(9111):1252-1253

Pulido SM ; Passaquin AC ; Leijendekker WJ ; Challet C ; Wallimann T ; Rùuegg UT Creatine supplementation improves intracellular Ca2+ handling and survival in mdx skeletal muscle cells. FEBS Lett, 439(3):357-62 1998 Nov 20

Ransom, J., R. Kreider FACSM, J. Hunt, C. Melton, C. Rasmussen, T. Stroud, E. Cantler & P. Milnor. Effects of creatine supplementation during training on markers of catabolism and muscle & liver enzymes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise. 31(5): S265, 1999.

Rasmussen, C., R. Kreider, J. Ransom, J. Hunt, C. Melton, T. Stroud, E. Cantler & P. Milnor. Creatine supplementation during pre-season football training does not affect fluid or electrolyte status. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise. 31(5): S299, 1999.

Ratamess N, Volek J, Rubin M. Muscular strength and power enhancement with creatine supplementation during short-term resistance training overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 2000;14(3):359-372.

Rawson E, Gunn B and Clarkson P (2001) The effects of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res, in press.

Rawson ES ; Clarkson PM Acute creatine supplementation in older men. Int J Sports Med, 21(1):71-5 2000 Jan

Rawson ES ; Wehnert ML ; Clarkson PM Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol, 80(2):139-44 1999 Jul

Rawson ES, Clarkson PM, Melanson EL (1998). The effects of oral creatine supplementation on body mass, isometric strength, and isokinetic performance in older individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, S140

Redondo D, Dowling E, Graham B, Almada A, Williams M. The effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on running velocity. Int d Sport Nutr 1996;6:213-21.

Rehunen, S. and M. Harkonen, High-energy phosphate compounds in human slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1980. 40(1): p. 45-54.

Rehunen, S., et al., High-energy phosphate compounds during exercise in human slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1982. 42(6): p. 499-506.

Reilly, T. and V. Thomas. A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play. J. Hum. Mov. Stud. 2:87-97,1976.

Ren JM, Semenkovich CF and Holloszy JO (1993) Adaptation of muscle to creatine depletion: Effect on GLUT-4 glucose transporter expression. Am J Physiol 264: C146-C150

Rico-Sanz J Creatine reduces human muscle PCr and pH decrements and P(i) accumulation during low-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol, 88(4):1181-91 2000 Apr

Rico-Sanz J ; Thomas EL ; Jenkinson G ; Mierisovïa S ; Iles R ; Bell JD Diversity in levels of intracellular total creatine and triglycerides in human skeletal muscles observed by (1)H-MRS. J Appl Physiol, 87(6):2068-72 1999 Dec

Rico-Sanz, J. Muscle energetics during repeated intense exercise as evaluated by biochemical analysis and 31P-NMR. Thesis. University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996.

Rico-Sanz, J., M. T. Mendez Marco. Creatine enhances oxygen uptake and performance during alternating intensity exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 379-385, 2000.

Rico-Sanz, J., W. R. Frontera, M. A. Rivera, A. Rivera-Brown, P. A. Mol‚, and C. N. Meredith. Effects of hyperhydration on total body water, temperature regulation and performance of elite young soccer players in a warm climate. Int. J. Sports Med. 17:85-91,1996.

Richter EA. [Creatine--a dietary supplement beneficial for the performance and also of medical interest].Ugeskr Laeger. 2000 Apr 10;162(15):2200-3.

Robinson SJ. Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2000 Mar-Apr;13(2):134-7

Robinson TM ; Sewell DA ; Hultman E ; Greenhaff PL Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 87(2):598-604 1999 Aug

Robinson Tristan M, Dean A Sewell, Anna Casey, Gery Steenge, Paul L Greenhaff Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function Br J Sports Med 2000; 34:284-288

Rockwell JA, Rankin JW, Toderico B Creatine supplementation affects muscle creatine during energy restriction..; Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 Jan;33(1):61-8

Roe DA. Vitamin requirements for increased physical activity. In: Horton ED, Terjung RL, eds. Exercise, Nutrition, and Energy Metabolism. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co; 1989: 172-179.

Ropero-Miller JD, Paget-Wilkes H, Doering PL, Goldberger BA. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on random urine creatinine, pH, and specific gravity measurements. Clin Chem. 2000 Feb;46(2):295-7


Rossi R, Gambelunghe C, Lepri E, Micheletti A, Sommavilla M,.Parisse I, Ruffini S. . Integrazione orale di creatina e sport. Valutazione critica dei rischi e benefici Med Sport 1998;51:349-53

Rossiter, H. B., E. R. Cannell, and P. M. Jakeman. The effect of oral creatine supplementation on the 1000-m performance of competitive rowers. J. Sports Sci. 14:175-179,1996.

Rubinstein ML, Federman DG. Sports supplements. Can dietary additives boost athletic performance and potential? Postgrad Med. 2000 Sep 15;108(4):103-6, 109-12.

Ruden T, Parcell A, Ray M, Moss K, Scmlet J, Sharp R et al. Effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc 1996;28:S81.



...........continuaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

[NaturalMan]

Sahelian R, Tutle D. Creatine: Nature's Muscle Builder. Garden City, NY: Avery Publishing Group, 1997.

Sahlin, K, Harris, R. C., & Hultrnan, E. (1975). Creatine kinase equilibrium and lactate con- tent compared with muscle pH in tissue samples obtained after isometric exercise. Biochem 152(2),173-180.

Sahlin, K. and A. Katz. Hypoxaemia increases the accumulation of inosine monophosphate (IMP) in human skeletal muscle during submaximal exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 136:199-203,1989.

Sahlin, K., R. C. Harris, and E. Hultman. Resynthesis of creatine phosphate in human muscle after exercise in relation to intramuscular pH and availability of oxygen. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 239:551-558,1979.

Sahlin, K., S. Broberg, and J. M. Ren. Formation of inosine monophosphate (IMP) in human skeletal muscle during incremental dynamic exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 136:193-198,1989.

Saks VA (1996). Cardiac energetics, compartmentation of creatine kinase and regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. In Conway MA, Clark JF (editors): Creatine and creatine phosphate: Scientific and clinical perspectives (pages 65-78). San Diego, CA: Academic Press

Saks, V. A., L. V. Rosenshtraukh, V. N. Smirnov, and E. I. Chazov. Role of creatine phosphokinase in cellular function and metabolism. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56:691-705,1978.

Saks, V. A., Y. O. Belikova, A. V. Kuznetsov, Z. A. Khuchua, T. H. Branishte, M. L. Semenovsky, and V. G. Naumov. Phosphocreatine pathway for energy transport: ADP diffusion and cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Physiol. 261Suppl.)30-38,1991.

Saks, V.A., and E. Strumia. Phosphocreatine: molecular and cellular aspects of the mechanism of cardioprotective action. Curr. Ther. Res. 1993;53:565-598.

Saks, V.A., S.A. Javadov, E. Pozin, and A.N. Preobrazhensky. Biochemical basis of the protective action of phosphocreatine on the ischemic myocardium. In Creatine phosphate: Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficiency. 1987 Eds V.A. Saks, Y.G. Bobkov, and E. Strumia. Edizoni Minerva Medica, Torino Italy. 270-273.

SaksV, Stepanov V, Jaliashvili I, Konerev E, Kryzkanovsky S, Strumia E. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for cardioprotective and herapeutic role of creatine phosphate. In Conway M, Clark J. Editors: Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Scientific and Clinical Perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996:91-114.

Saris WHM, Browns F. Nutritional concerns for the young athlete. In: Children and Exercise XII. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1986.

Satolli F, Marchesi G (1989). Creatine phosphate in the rehabilitation of patients with muscle hypnotrophy (sic) of the lower extremity. Current Therapeutic Research 46, 67-73

Savabi, F. Free creatine available to the creatine phosphate energy shuttle in isolated rat atria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7476-7489,1988.

Savabi, F., P. J. Geiger, and S. P. Bessman. Myofibrillar end of the creatine phosphate energy shuttle. Am. J. Physiol. 247:424-432,1984.

Sawka MN, Pandolf KB. Effects of body water loss on physiological function and exercise performance. In: Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR, eds. Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine: Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise. Indianapolis, Ind: Benchmark Press; 1990:31-38.

Schaufelberger M, Swedberg K (1998). Is creatine supplementation helpful for patients with chronic heart failure? European Heart Journal 19, 533-4

Schedel JM ; Tanaka H ; Kiyonaga A ; Shindo M ; Schutz Y Acute creatine ingestion in human: consequences on serum creatine and creatinine concentrations. Life Sci, 65(23):2463-70 1999 Oct 29

Schedel JM ; Terrier P ; Schutz Y The biomechanic origin of sprint performance enhancement after one-week creatine supplementation. Jpn J Physiol, 50(2):273-6 2000 Apr

Schedel JM, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga A, Shindo M, Schutz Y Acute creatine loading enhances human growth hormone secretion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000 Dec;40(4):336-42

Schiffenbauer YS, Tempel C, Abramovitch R, Meir G, Neeman M. Cyclocreatine accumulation leads to cellular swelling in C6 glioma multicellular spheroids: diffusion and one-dimensional chemical shift nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy. Cancer Res 1995, 55(1):153-158

Schiffenbauer YS, Meir G, Cohn M, Neeman M. Cyclocreatine transport and cytotoxicity in rat glioma and human ovarian carcinoma cells: 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Am J Physiol 1996 Jan;270(1 Pt 1):C160-9

Schilling BK, Stone MH, Utter A, Kearney JT, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O'Bryant HS, Fry AC, Starks M, Keith R, Stone ME. Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 Feb;33(2):183-8

Schimmel L., V.S. Khandekar, K.J. Martin, T. Riera, C. Honan, D.G. Shaw, R. Kaddurah-Daouk, The Synthetic Phosphagen Cyclocreatine Phosphate Inhibits the Growth of a Broad Spectrum of Solid Tumors, Anticancer Research 1996, 16, 375-380.

Schmaltz Jim News Reports of Creatine's Evils are Sensationalized Fiction THE PHONY FRENCH CREATINE SCARE News Reports of Creatine's Evils are Sensationalized Fiction http://www.ifbb.com/reports/creatine_scare.html Apr 2001

Schneider DA ; McDonough PJ ; Fadel PJ ; Berwick JP Creatine supplementation and the total work performed during 15-s and 1-min bouts of maximal cycling. Aust J Sci Med Sport, 29(3):65-8 1997 Sep

Schneider K, Hervig L, Ensign WY et al (1998). Use of supplements by U.S. Navy Seals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, S60 .

Schnirring L. Creatine Supplements Face Scrutiny. The Physician and Sportsmedicine - VOL 26 - NO. 6 - JUNE 1998.

Schrof JM. McGwire hits the pills: brawn-building supplements also deliver serious risks. U.S. News & World Report. 1998;125:53-4.

Seraydarian, M. W. and L. Artaza. Regulation of energy metabolism by creatine in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells in culture. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 8:669-678,1976.

Seraydarian, M. W., L. Artaza, and B. C. Abbott. Creatine and the control of energy metabolism in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells in culture. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 6:405-413,1974.

Serresse, O., G. Lortie, C. Bouchard, and M. R. Boulay. Estimation of the contribution of the various energy systems during maximal work of short duration. Int. J. Sports Med. 9:456-460,1988.

Shaifali P. The rise of creatine, nature's steroid. Fortune. 1998;137:44-48.


Shear DA, Haik KL, Dunbar GL Creatine reduces 3-nitropropionic-acid-induced cognitive and motor abnormalities in rats. Neuroreport 2000 Jun 26;11(9):1833-7


Sheppard HL, Raichada SM, Kouri KM, Stenson-Bar-Maor L, Branch JD Use of Creatine and Other Supplements by Members of Civilian and Military Health Clubs: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000 Sep;10(3):245-259


Sherman WM, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Miller JM. The effect of exercise and diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent use during performance. Int J Sports Med. 1981; 2: 114-118.

Sherman WM, Lamb DR. Nutrition and Prolonged Exercise. In: Lamb DR, Murray R, eds. Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine: Prolonged Exercise. Indianapolis, Ind: Benchmark Press; 1988: 213-280.

Sherman WM. Carbohydrate feedings before and after exercise. In: Lamb DR, Williams MH, eds. Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Vol 4. Ergonomics: Enhancement of Performance in Exercise and Sport. Indianapolis, Ind: Brown-Benchmark; 1991. 1-34.

Shields, R. P., C. K. Whitehair, R. E. Carrow, W. W. Heusner, and W. D. Van Huss. Skeletal muscle function and structure after depletion of creatine. Lab. Invest. 33: 151-158, 1975 .

Shomrat A, Weinstein Y, Katz A Effect of creatine feeding on maximal exercise performance in vegetarians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000 Jul;82(4):321-5


Shoubridge, E. A., Jeffry, F M, Keogh, J. M., Radda, G. K., & Seymour, A. M. (1985b). Creatine kinase kinetics, ATP turnover, and cardiac performance in hearts depleted of creatine with the substrate analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta, 847(l), 25-32.

Silber ML Scientific facts behind creatine monohydrate as sport nutrition supplement. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(3):179-88 1999 Sep

Silber M. Creatines: creatine and phosphocreatine as pharmacosanation aids. Sportscience — Encyclopedia Of Sports Medicine & Science; available online <http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/drafts/Creatine.doc>, 1998.

Sims E and Seldin D (1949) Reabsorption of creatine and guanidoacetic acid by the renal tubules. Am J Physiol 157: 14-20.

Sinacore, D. R., B. I. Bander, and A. Delitto. Recovery from a 1-minute bout of fatiguing exercise: characteristics, reliability, and responsiveness. Phys. Ther. 74:234-244,1994.

Singh A, Moses FM, Deuster PA. Chronic multivitamin-mineral supplementation does not enhance physical performance. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1992; 24: 726-732.

Sipila I, Rapola J, Simell O, et al: Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. N Engl J Med 1981;304(5):867-870

Siri, W. E. The gross composition of the body. In: Advances in Biological and Medical Science, edited by J. H. Lawrence, and C. A. Tobias. New York: Academic, 1956, p. 239-280.

Skare OC, Skadberg, Wisnes AR Creatine supplementation improves sprint performance in male sprinters Scand J Med Sci Sports 2001 Apr;11(2):96-102

Skog KI ; Johansson MA ; J¨agerstad MI Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in model systems and cooked foods: a review on formation, occurrence and intake Food Chem Toxicol, 36(9-10):879-96 1998 Sep-Oct

Trostberg SKW, AG Patent Enforcement: process for the preparation of a creatine or creatine monohydrate U.S. Patent #5,719,319 Feb. 17, 1998 http://www.creapure.com/index.htm

Slavin JL, Joensen DJ. Caffeine and sports performance. Phys Sportsmed. 1985; 13:191.

Smart, N. A., S. G. McKenzie, L. M. Nix, S. E. Baldwin, K. Page, D. Wade, and P. K. Hampson. Creatine supplementation does not improve repeat sprint performance in soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:S140,1998.

Smith J, Dahm DL. Creatine use among a select population of high school athletes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Dec;75(12):1257-63.

Smith JC, Stephens DP, Hall EL et al (1998). Effect of oral creatine ingestion on parameters of the work rate-time relationship and time to exhaustion in high-intensity cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 360-5.

Smith SA ; Montain SJ ; Matott RP ; Zientara GP ; Jolesz FA ; Fielding RA Creatine supplementation and age influence muscle metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 85(4):1349-56 1998 Oct

Smith SA ; Montain SJ ; Matott RP ; Zientara GP ; Jolesz FA ; Fielding RA Effects of creatine supplementation on the energy cost of muscle contraction: a 31P-MRS study. J Appl Physiol, 87(1):116-23 1999 Jul

Snow RJ and others. Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism Journal of Applied Physiology 84:1667-1673, 1998.

Sòderlund, K., and E. Hultman. ATP and phosphopcreatine changes in single human muscle fibers after intense electrical stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 261:E737-E741,1991.

Sòderlund, K., P. D. Balsom, and B. Ekblom. Creatine supplementation and high intensity exercise: influence on performance and muscle metabolism. Clin. Sci. 87(Suppl):120,1994.

Sòderlund, K., P. Greenhaff, and E. Hultman. Energy metabolism in Type I and Type II human muscle fibers during short-term electrical stimulation at different frequencies. Acta Physiol. Scand. 144:15-22,1992.

Sopio R ; Lederer M Reaction of 3-deoxypentosulose with N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylguanidine as model reagents for protein-bound arginine and for creatine. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 201(4):381-6 1995 Oct

Sora, I., J. Richman, G. Santoro, H. Wei, Y. Wang, T. Vanderah, R. Horvath, M. Nguyen, S. Waite, W. R. Roeske, and H. I. Yamamura. The cloning and expression of a human creatine transporter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204: 419-427, 1994 .

Sorgen C. Creatine supplementation: The quest for power performance. Today's Dietitian (1)3:26-29, 1999.

Spriet, L. L., K. Soderlund, M. Bergstrom, et al. Anaerobic energy release in skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 62:611-615,1987.

Spriet, L. L. Anaerobic metabolism during high-intensity exercise. In: Exercise Metabolism, M. Hargreaves. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995, pp. 1-40.

Steenge, G. R., J. Lambourne, A. Casey, I. A. Macdonald, and P. L. Greenhaff. The stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 275:E974-E979,1998.

Steenge, G. R., Simpson, E. J., Greenhaff, P. L. (2000). Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 89: 1165-

Stevenson SW, Dudley GA (1998). Creatine supplementation and resistance exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, 278

Stockler S, Hanefeld F, Frahm J: Creatine replacement therapy in guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, a novel inborn error or metabolism. Lancet 1996;348(9030):789-790

Stockler S, Holzbach U, Hanefeld F et al (1994). Creatine deficiency in the brain, a new, treatable inborn error of metabolism. Pediatric Research 36, 409-13

Stockler S, Isbrandt D, Hanefeld F et al (1996). Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, the first inborn error of creatine metabolism in man. American Journal of Human Genetics 58, 914-22

Stockler, S. and F. Hanefeld, Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: a newly recognized inborn error of creatine biosynthesis. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1997. 109(3): p. 86-88.

Stockler, S., et al., Guanidino compounds in guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, a new inborn error of creatine synthesis. Metabolism, 1997. 46(10): p. 1189-1193.

Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S., Creatine deficiency syndromes: a new perspective on metabolic disorders and a diagnostic challenge [editorial; comment]. J Pediatr, 1997. 131(4): p. 510-511.

Stone MH ; Sanborn K ; Smith LL ; O'Bryant HS ; Hoke T ; Utter AC ; Johnson RL ; Boros R ; Hruby J ; Pierce KC ; Stone ME ; Garner B Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. Int J Sport Nutr, 9(2):146-65 1999 Jun

Storey, K.B. and P.W. Hochachka, Activation of muscle glycolysis: a role for creatine phosphate in phosphofructokinase regulation. FEBS Lett, 1974. 46(1): p. 337-339.

Stout J ; Eckerson J ; Ebersole K ; Moore G ; Perry S ; Housh T ; Bull A ; Cramer J ; Batheja A Effect of creatine loading on neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Appl Physiol, 88(1):109-12 2000 Jan

Stout JR, Echerson J, Noonan D et al (1999). The effects of a supplement designed to augment creatine uptake on exercise performance and fat free mass in football players. Nutrition Research 19, 217-25

Stout, J. R., J. Eckerson, D. Noonan, G. Moore, D. Cullen, and A. Almada. The effects of a supplement designed to augment creatine uptake on exercise performance and fat-free mass in football players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29:S251,1997.

Stout, J., et al., Effects of 8 weeks of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and fat-free weight in football players during training. Nutr Res, 1999. 19(2): p. 217-225.

Stroud M, Holliman D, Bell D, Green A, MacDonald I, Greenhaff P. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate accumulation during steady-state incremental treadmill exercise and recovery in man. Clin Sci 1994;87:707-10.

Sullivan PG, Geiger JD, Mattson MP, Scheff SW Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury..; Ann Neurol 2000 Nov;48(5):723-9

Sweeney HL (1994) The importance of the creatine kinase reaction: the concept of metabolic capacitance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 26 (1): 30-36.

Syllum-Rapoport I, Daniel A, Rapoport S (1980). Creatine transport into red blood cells. Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica 39, 771-9

Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ, Burnham R et al (1998). Absolute and relative strength performance following creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with periodized resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, 278

Tarnopolsky, M. A., J. Martin, and J. Parise. Creatine monohydrate improves muscle power output in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. Mol. Genet. Metab. 63:73,1998.

Tarnopolsky MA. Pecci MA. Lombardo JA Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000 Nov;3(6):497-502.

Tarnopolsky MA, MacLennan DP Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000 Dec;10(4):452-63

Tarnopolsky M ; Martin J Creatine monohydrate increases strength in patients with neuromuscular disease. Neurology, 52(4):854-7 1999 Mar 10

Tarnopolsky, M.A., Parise G., Direct measurement of high-energy phosphate compounds in patients with neuromuscular disease. Muscle Nerve, 1999. 22(9): p. 1228-1233.

Tarnopolsky, M.A., Roy B.D.,. MacDonald J.R, A randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies [see comments]. Muscle Nerve, 1997. 20(12): p. 1502-1509.

Tarnopolsky Mark Creatine is Carcinogenic - the other side of the story.A reply refuting the story that creatine is carcinogenic http://www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/science/...sages3/191.htm 29/1/2001

Teicher B.A., K. Menon, D. Northey, J. Liu, D.W. Kufe, R. Kaddurah-Daouk, Cyclocreatine in cancer chemotherapy, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1995, 35, 411-416.

Teodosiu D., Howell, S., Hultman, E., & Greenhaff, P L (1994). Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am I Physiol, 271(l Pt 1), E31-7.

Terjung RL ; Clarkson P ; Eichner ER ; Greenhaff PL ; Hespel PJ ; Israel RG ; Kraemer WJ ; Meyer RA ; Spriet LL ; Tarnopolsky MA ; Wagenmakers AJ ; Williams MH American College of Sports Medicine roundtable. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(3):706-17 2000 Mar

Terrilion K, Kolkhorst F, Dolgener F, Joslyn S. The effect of creatine supplementation on two 700-m maximal running bouts. Int J Sport Nutr 1997;7:138-43.

Tesch, P.A., A. Thorsson, and N. Fujitsuka, Creatine phosphate in fiber types of skeletal muscle before and after exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1989. 66(4): p. 1756-1759.

Theodorou AS ; Cooke CB ; King RF ; Hood C ; Denison T ; Wainwright BG ; Havenetidis K The effect of longer-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance after an acute creatine loading. J Sports Sci, 17(11):853-9 1999 Nov

Theodoru AS, Cooke CB, King R et al (1998). The effect of combined carbohydrate and creatine ingestion on anaerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, S272

Thomas, J. R., and J. K. Nelson. Research Methods in Physical Activity, 3rd Ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996, pp. 350.

Thomas D. Armsey Jr, Gary A. Green, Nutrition Supplements: Science vs Hype THE PHYSICIAN AND SPORTSMEDICINE - VOL 25 - NO. 6 - JUNE 97

Thompson C, Kemp G, Sanderson A, Dixon R, Styles P, Taylor D et al. Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Br JSports Med1996;30:222-5.

Thompson R. W. Interstitial Nephritis in a Patient Taking Creatine The New England Journal of Medicine -- March 11, 1999 -- Vol. 340, No. 10

Thorensen E, McMillam J, Guion K et al (1998). The effect of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, 278

Thorsson, P. A. A., and N. Fugaitsuka. Creatine phosphate in fiber types of skeletal muscle before and after exhaustive exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 66:1756-1759,1989.

Timpmann S et al (1998). Effect of creatine supplementation during rapid body mass reduction on metabolism and isokinetic muscle performance capacity. European Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 83-92

Timpmann S, Medijainen L (1995). The role and application of dietary creatine supplementation in increasing physical performance capacity. Biology of Sport 12, 197-12

Tipton CM. Consequences of rapid weight loss. In: Haskell W, Scala J, Whitman J, eds. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Palo Alto, Calif: Bull Publishing Co; 1982: 176-199.

Toler S. Creatine is an ergogen for anaerobic exercise. Nutrition Reviews 55:21-25, 1997.

Tonkonogi, M., B. Harris, and K. Sahlin. Mitochondrial oxidative function in human saponin-skinned fibers: effects of prolonged exercise. J. Physiol. 510:270-286,1998.

Thorpe SR ; Baynes JW Role of the Maillard reaction in diabetes mellitus and diseases of aging. Drugs Aging, 9(2):69-77 1996 Aug

Tran TT, Dai W and Sarkar HK (2000) Cyclosporin A inhibits creatine uptake by altering surface expression of the creatine transporter. J Biol Chem 275: 35708-35714

Trump M.E., G.J.F. Heigenhauser, C.T. Putman, and L.L. Spriet. Importance of muscle phosphocreatine during intermittent maximal cycling. J. Appl. Physiol. 1996;80: 1574-1580.

Tullson P, Rundell K, Sabina R, Terjung R. Creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid alters skeletal muscle AMP deaminase activity. Am J Physiol1996;270:C76-85.




...................continuaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

[NaturalMan]

Thyfault, J., C. Schroeder, M. Hulver, L. Magee, J. Randall, M. Comeau, D. Jacobsen, and J. Potteiger. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Anaerobic Power Production during Sprint Cycling Exercise in the Heat. Central States Chapter - American College of Sports Medicine 1999 Regional Meeting, Kansas City, MO, October 23.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Washington, DC: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA 1994: Public Law 103-417). http://web.health.gov/dietsupp/toc.htm

Urbanski RL ; Vincent WJ ; Yaspelkis BB 3rd Creatine supplementation differentially affects maximal isometric strength and time to fatigue in large and small muscle groups. Int J Sport Nutr, 9(2):136-45 1999 Jun

Van Deursen, J., P. Jap, A. Heerschap, H. Ter Laak, W. Ruitenbeek, and B. Wieringa. Effects of the creatine anologue -guanidinopropionic acid on skeletal muscles of mice deficient in muscle creatine kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1185: 327-335, 1994 .

Van Gool, D., D. Van Gerven, and J. Boutmans. The physiological load imposed on soccer players during real match-play. In: Science and Football. T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids, and W. J. Murphy (Eds.). London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1988, pp. 51-59.

Van Arnum Patricia Creatine Makers Await DOC Hearing And Decision on Dumping Charges.(Department of Commerce)(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included) Chemical Market Reporter COPYRIGHT 1999 Schnell Publishing Company, Inc Issue: Oct 25, 1999 http://www.chemexpo.com/cmronline/login.cfm

Van Hall, G. G., J. Van Der Vusse, K. S. Derlund, and A. J. Wagenmakers. Deamination of amino acids as a source for ammonia production in human skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise. J. Physiol. 489:251-261,1995.

Van Leemputte M ; Vandenberghe K ; Hespel P Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading. J Appl Physiol, 86(3):840-4 1999 Mar

Vanakoski J ; Kosunen V ; Meririnne E ; Seppala T Creatine and caffeine in anaerobic and aerobic exercise: effects on physical performance and pharmacokinetic considerations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 36(5):258-62 1998 May

Vandebuerie F ; Vanden Eynde B ; Vandenberghe K ; Hespel P Effect of creatine loading on endurance capacity and sprint power in cyclists. Int J Sports Med, 19(7):490-5 1998 Oct

Vandenberghe K ; Goris M ; Van Hecke P ; Van Leemputte M ; Vangerven L ; Hespel P Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. J Appl Physiol, 83(6):2055-63 1997

Vandenberghe K ; Van Hecke P ; Van Leemputte M ; Vanstapel F ; Hespel P Phosphocreatine resynthesis is not affected by creatine loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(2):236-42 1999 Feb

Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P et al (1996). Prolonged creatine intake facilitates the effects of strength training on intermittent exercise capacity. Insider 4(3), 1-2

Vandenberghe K, Van Hecke P, Van Leemputte M et al (1997). Inhibition of muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis by caffeine after creatine loading. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, S249

Vandenberghe, K., N. Gallis, M. Van Leemputte, P. Van Hecke, F. Vanstapel, and P. Hespel. Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 452-457, 1996 .

Vannas-Sulonen, K., et al., Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. A five-year follow-up of creatine supplementation. Ophthalmology, 1985. 92(12): p. 1719-1727.

Vicini P, Kushmerick MJ Cellular energetics analysis by a mathematical model of energy balance:estimation of parameters in human skeletal muscle. : Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000 Jul;279(1):C213-24


Viru M,, Nurmekivi A et al (1994). Effect of creatine intake on the performance capacity in middle-distance runners. Coaching and Sport Science Journal 1, 31-6

Volek J, Kraemer W, Bush J, Boetes M, Incledon T, Clark K, Lynch J. Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97:765-70.

Volek JS (1997). Creatine supplementation and its possible role in improving physical performance. ACSM Health Fitness Journal 1(4), 23-29.

Volek JS and others. Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31:1147-1156, 1999.

Volek JS, Boetes M, Bush JA et al (1997B). Response of testosterone and cortisol concentrations to high-intensity resistance exercise following creatine supplementation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11, 182-187.

Volek JS, Kraemer WJ (1996). Creatine supplementation, its effect on human muscular performance and body composition. Journal of Strength an Conditioning Research 10, 200-10

Volek JS; Duncan ND; Mazzetti SA; Staron RS; Putukian M; G¢mez AL; Pearson DR; Fink WJ; Kraemer WJ Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1999 Aug, 31:8, 1147-56

Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ No effect of heavy resistance training and creatine supplementation on blood lipids. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000 Jun;10(2):144-56


Volek J, Mazzetti S, Barnes B. Physiological response to exercise in the heat after loading with creatine monohydrate. J Strength Cond Res 2000;14(3):359-372.


Vorgerd M, Grehl T, Jager M, Muller K, Freitag G, Patzold T, Bruns N, Fabian K, Tegenthoff M, Mortier W, Luttmann A, Zange J and Malin JP (2000) Creatine therapy in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease) a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Arch Neurol 57: 956-963


Vukovich MD, J Michaelis (1999). Effect of two different creatine supplementation products on muscular strength and power. Sports Medicine, Training, and Rehabilitation 8, 369-83

Wakatsuki T, Ohim Y, Yasui W, Nakamura K, Asakura T, Ohno H, Yamamoto M. Responses of contractile properties in rat soleus to highenergy phosphates and/or unloading. Jpn J Physiol 1994;44:193-204.

Wakatsuki T, Ohira Y, Nakamura K, Asakura T, Ohno H, Yamamoto M. Changes of contractile properties of extensor digitorum longus in response to creatine-analogue administration and/or hindlimb suspension in rats. Jpn ,IPhysiol1995;45:979-89.

Walker JB (1960). Metabolic control of creatine biosynthesis I, effect of dietary creatine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 235, 2357-61

Walker JB (1960). Metabolic control of creatine biosynthesis II, restoration of transamidinase activity following creatine repression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 236, 493-8

Walker JB (1979). Creatine, biosynthesis, regulation, and function. Advances in Enzymology 50, 177-242

Wallimann T, Multiple functions of creatine kinase for cellular energetics: a scientific rationale for creatine supplementation June 1, 2000 http://www1.cell.biol.ethz.ch/member...mentation.html

Wallimann, T. (1999) Creatine supplementation: positive effects in health and disease. German Muscle Report (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Muskelkranke, DGM) Vol 2, 25 -30; ibid. German Muscle Report Vol 3, 2-3. (ISSN 0178-0352).

Wallimann, T., Schlattner, U., Guerrero, L., and M. Dolder (1999) The phosphocreatine circuit and creatine supplementation, both come of age! In: Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine (Mori, A., Ishida, M., and Clark, J.F., eds.) Blackwell Science Asia Pry Ltd. pp 117-129.

Wallimann T, Dolder M, Schlattner U et al (1998). Some new aspects of creatine kinase (CK): compartmentation, structure, function and regulation for cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiology. Biofactors 8(3-4), 229-34

Wallimann, T., M. Wyss, D. Brdczka, K. Nicolay and H.M. Eppenberger. Intracellular compartmentation structure and function of creatine kinase isozymes in tissue with high and fluctuating energy demands: the phosphocreatine circuit for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem. J. 1992;1102:21-40.

Walter MC ; Lochmuller H ; Reilich P ; Klopstock T ; Huber R ; Hartard M ; Hennig M ; Pongratz D ; Muller-Felber W Creatine monohydrate in muscular dystrophies: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Neurology, 54(9):1848-50 2000 May 9

Walters PH, Olrich TW (1998). The effect of creatine supplementation on strength performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 12, 279

Warber JP, Patton JF, Tharion WJ et al (1998). Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on physical performance. FASEB Journal 12, A1040

Warren GL, Fennessy JM, Millard-Stafford ML. Strength loss after eccentric contractions is unaffected by creatine supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Aug;89(2):557-62.


Webster, M., et al., Creatine supplementation: Effect on exercise performance at two levels of acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1999. 31: p. S265.

Weigley ES. Average? Ideal? Desirable? A brief overview of height-weight tables in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 1984; 84:417-423.

Wells-Knecht KJ ; Brinkmann E ; Wells-Knecht MC ; Litchfield JE ; Ahmed MU ; Reddy S ; Zyzak DV ; Thorpe SR ; Baynes JW New biomarkers of Maillard reaction damage to proteins Nephrol Dial Transplant, 11 Suppl 5(Litchfield JE):41-7 1996

Westerblad, H., D. G. Allen, J. D. Bruton, F. H. Andrade, and J. Lannergren. Mechanisms underlying the reduction of isometric force in skeletal muscle fatigue. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162:253-260,1998.

Whittingham TS, Lipton P (1981). Cerebral synaptic transmission during anoxia is protected by creatine. Journal of Neurochemistry 37, 1618-21

Wick, M., et al., Brain water diffusion in normal and creatine-supplemented rats during transient global ischemia. Magn Reson Med, 1999. 42(4): p. 798-802.

Wilken B, Ramirez JM, Probst I, Richter DW, Hanefeld F. Anoxic ATP depletion in neonatal mice brainstem is prevented by creatine supplementation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 May;82(3):F224-7.

Wilken, B., Ramires, J.M., Probst, I., Richter, D.W., and F. Hanefeld (1998). Creatine protects the central respiratory network of mammals under anoxic conditions. Pediatric Res. 43, 8-14.

Willer B ; Stucki G ; Hoppeler H ; Brùuhlmann P ; Krùahenbùuhl S Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle weakness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 39(3):293-8 2000 Mar

Williams MH - Ergogenic and ergolytic substances - Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol 24, 9, S344-S348, 1992.

Williams MH ; Branch JD Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update J Am Coll Nutr, 17(3):216-34 1998 Jun

Williams MH - Ergogenic Aids in: Sports nutrition for the 90s - Ed. Gaithersburg: Aspen Pub, 1991

Williams MH - Nutritional ergogenics in athletics - Journal of Sport Sciences 13, S63-S74, 1995

Williams MH Facts and fallacies of purported ergogenic amino acid supplements. Clin Sports Med, 18(3):633-49 1999 Jul

Williams MH, Branch JD (1998). Creatine supplementation and exercise performance, an update. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17, 216-34

Williams MH, Kreider RB, Branch JD (1999). Creatine: The Power Supplement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Williams MH. Nutrition for Fitness and Sport. 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm C Brown Publishers; 1992.

Williams, M.H. . - Nutritional aspects of human physical and athletic performance - Springfiels, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1985

Willott CA ; Young ME ; Leighton B ; Kemp GJ ; Boehm EA ; Radda GK ; Clarke K Creatine uptake in isolated soleus muscle: Kinetics and dependence on sodium, but not on insulin Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 166, 2 ,1999 99-104

Wilmore JH. Body weight standards and athletic performance. In: Brownell KD, ed. Eating, Body Weight and Performance in Athletics: Disorders of Modern Society. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1990.

Withers, R. T., Z. Maricic, S. Wasilewski, and L. Kelly. Match analyses of Australian professional soccer players. J. Hum. Mov. Stud. 8:159-176,1982.

Wolfe LA, Hall P, Webb KA, Goodman L, Monga M, McGrath MJ. Prescription for aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Sports Med. 1989; 8: 273-301.

Wood, K. K., Zabik, R. M., Dawson, M. L., & Frye, P. A. (1998). The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on strength, lean body mass, and circumferences in male weightlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1542.

Worsfold M ; Davie MW ; Haddaway MJ Age-related changes in body composition, hydroxyproline, and creatinine excretion in normal women. Calcif Tissue Int, 64(1):40-4 1999 Jan

Wynants, J., and H. Van Belle. Single-run high performance liquid chromatography of nucleotides, nucleosides, and major purine bases and its application to different tissue extracts. Anal. Biochem. 144: 258-266, 1985 .

Wyss M., and T. Walliman. I-Creatine metabolism and the consequences of creatine depletion in muscle. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 133/134: 51-66, 1994.

Wyss M., J. Smeitink, R. A. Wevers, and T. Wallimann. Mitochondrial creatine kinase: a key enzyme of aerobic energy metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1102: 119-166, 1992 .

Wyss M., Kaddurah-Daouk, R. Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2000 Jul;80(3):1107-213

Yang Z.Y. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an overview. Sport Sci. 20(1): 76-78, 93, 2000.

Younge A. (1998). Weighing in. The Minnesota Daily [Online]. Available: http://www.mndaily.com/daily/1998/02/09/news/.

Yu P.H., Formaldehye produced endogenously via deamination of methylamine. A potential risk factor for initiation of endothelial injury. Atherosclerosis (1996) 120, 189-197

Yu P.H, Oxidative deamination of methylamine by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase leads to cytotoxic damage in endothelial cells - Possible consequences for diabetes, Diabetes (1993) 42, 594-603

Yu PH ; Deng Y Potential cytotoxic effect of chronic administration of creatine, a nutrition supplement to augment athletic performance. Med Hypotheses, 54(5):726-8 2000 May

Zachwieja J. Influence of muscle glycogen depletion on the rate of resynthesis. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1991; 23:44-48.

Zehnder M, Rico-Sanz J, Kuhne G et al (1998). Muscle phosphocreatine and glycogen concentrations in humans after creatine and glucose polymer supplementation measured noninvasively by 31P and 13C-MRS. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, S264

Zeisel SH (1999) Regulation of "nutraceuticals" [see comments]. Science (Wash DC) 285: 1853-1855

Ziegenfuss T, Lemon P, Rogers M, Ross R, Yarasheski K. Acute creatine ingestion: effects on muscle volume, anaerobic power, fluid volumes, and protein turnover, bled Sci Sports Exerc1997;29:S127.

Ziegenfuss TN, Lowery LM, Lemon PWR. Acute fluid volume changes in men during three days of creatine supplementation. Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline 1(3),Oct 1998 http://www.css.edu/users/tboone2/asep/jan3.htm

Ziegenfuss, T., Gales, D., Felix, S., Straehle, S., Klemish, K., Contrath, D., & Lemon, P. W. (1998). Performance benefits following a five day creatine loading procedures persist for at least four weeks. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1508.



..... e ancora altri che magari posterò qualche altra volta


Concludendo nei soggetti sani non esistono effetti collaterali importanti con le dosi umane assunte (max 10 gr ma in casi selezionati ...) e non esistono pericoli di tossicità se la qualità della creatina è certificata e seria.... qunado parlo di certificati parlo di analisi fatti in laboratori accreditati non certificati con timbri da LunaPark ....


Byeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

[FIGHT CLUB]

Ke lista....

PErò mi resta il dubbio: perchè ha postato esami di 3 anni fa?