*** Articoli Scientifici Sulla Glutammina ***

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  • Sergio
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    *** Articoli Scientifici Sulla Glutammina ***





    GLUTAMINE
    Glutamine is of major importance for muscle metabolism and is a preferred energy source for cells of the intestinal mucosa (Windmueller and Spaeth 1980) and of the immune system, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes (Calder 1994). In catabolic states large amounts of amino acids are released from tissues providing essential substrates for visceral organs for acute phase protein synthesis, urea synthesis and energy production (Gamrin et al. 1996). Despite the accelerated release of amino acids from skeletal muscles, blood glutamine may not be increased after burns (Gore and Jahoor 1994). While intracellular glutamine depletion is typical during malnutrition or varying degrees of stress, there are numerous reports that plasma glutamine concentrations remain normal. Decreased plasma glutamine levels have been reported only after severe burns, multiple trauma or multiple organ failure (Calder 1995, Stinnett et al. 1982). Although increased proteolysis is important for defense against disease, it markedly reduces body stores of proteins and free amino acids (Gamrin et al. 1996), causes serious organ dysfunction and impairs host defense. It has been suggested that depletion of the intracellular pool of free glutamine in burn patients may result from the marked decrease in muscle synthesis of glutamine (Gore and Jahoor 1994). Consequently, glutamine may be "conditionally essential" following burn injury.

    A number of studies have shown beneficial effects of supplying glutamine, its precursors (ornithine -ketoglutarate and -ketoglutarate) (Cynober 1991) or glutamine containing dipeptides like alanine-glutamine or glycine-glutamine (Fürst et al. 1990), in quantities corresponding to 25-35% of the dietary protein (Wilmore 1994). Glutamine may improve the clinical response of human patients or lower animals in metabolic stress by increasing nitrogen retention and muscle mass (Stehle et al. 1989), preserving integrity of the intestinal mucosa (Scheppach et al. 1994) and intestinal permeability (van der Hulst et al. 1993), maintaining immunologic function (Calder 1994) and reducing infections (van der Hulst et al. 1996, Ziegler et al. 1992). Some investigators have obtained evidence that glutamine also preserves glutathione levels in liver and other tissues (Fürst 1996b).

    Interpretation of the effects of glutamine on bacterial intestinal translocation requires consideration of the types of injury and nutritional support and the method used to detect translocation (Bjarnason et al. 1995; for a review see Lippman 1995). Animal studies have shown that glutamine supplementation decreases bacterial translocation and survival of translocated bacteria and increases animal survival (Gianotti et al. 1995). However, no studies have demonstrated these responses of glutamine supplementation in human patients after burn injury. Lower animals treated with methotrexate, total parenteral nutrition or an elemental diet have shown both positive and negative responses to glutamine supplementation (for a review see Lippman 1995). Although glutamine has been reported to preserve the histological structure of the intestinal mucosa (Scheppach et al. 1994) and intestinal permeability (van der Hulst et al. 1993), its effects on the translocation of intestinal bacteria in patients have not been convincingly shown.

    Parry-Billings et al. (1990) reported that plasma glutamine levels of burn patients decreased by 58% and remained depressed for 21 d after injury. Their culture experiments showed that the depressed glutamine concentrations were associated with significantly reduced proliferation of lymphocytes from healthy volunteers and phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages from normal mice. They suggested that the reduction of plasma glutamine may reduce immunologic competence after burn injury. Ogle et al. (1994) also reported that glutamine improved the bactericidal ability of abnormal neutrophils from pediatric patients after burns.

    Although Parry-Billings et al. (1990) and Ogle et al. (1994) suggested the efficacy of glutamine supplementation, they did not supply it to their patients. We have also not found evidence of its use after burn injury. However, when 10-30 g/d ornithine -ketoglutarate were administered, nitrogen balance improved, plasma phenylalanine and urinary 3 methyl-histidine decreased, serum proteins rose and clinical outcomes improved (Cynober 1991). Because ornithine -ketoglutarate increases muscle, hepatic and plasma glutamine in burn victims (Le Bricon et al. 1997), some of the positive response may be the result of glutamine repletion. These effects of glutamine and the severe depletion of intracellular glutamine after injury, deserve further investigation.



  • Sergio
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    #2
    Ma guarda



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    • Benchpress
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      #4
      Non vale, tu hai la moglie americana e Achilles NO

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      • fuma-slayer
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        #5
        ottimi quegli articoli...li ho stampati nella mia enciclopedia personale

        bella li sergione

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        • **ACHILLES**82**
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          #6
          Originariamente Scritto da Sergio Visualizza Messaggio
          Ma guarda










          concedi e se proprio vuoi fare i soldi ti do una mano a livello di managment sui prodotti da scegliere e come impostare bene la scelta dei prodotti nella curva domanda offerta del settore




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          • Sergio
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            #7
            A parte che quel link non porta da nessuna parte , ma ripeto, su internet trovi di tutto ed il contrario di tutto.



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            • Sergio
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              #8
              Sponsors and Collaborators:

              Massachusetts General Hospital
              National Institutes of Health (NIH)

              Information provided by:

              National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)


              This study is currently recruiting patients.
              Verified by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) September 2005

              Sponsors and Collaborators: Massachusetts General Hospital
              National Institutes of Health (NIH)
              Information provided by: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
              ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00181753
              Purpose

              The purpose of the study is to understand how the body uses amino acids in burned patients during the time they cannot eat normally. Amino acids occur naturally in the body and the food we eat. The body combines amino acids to make protein. It uses the proteins to do things such as heal wounds, fight infection, and provide energy. We are studying two ways of receiving nutrition: through a vein or through a tube. We are also studying two different types of food: with or without glutamine. The results of this study will be used to determine the best type and way to supply nutrients during a severe burn injury. We hope to learn how to help the body use nutrients more efficiently to better repair wounded tissues and recover earlier from injury.
              Condition Intervention
              Burn Injury
              Drug: The "drug" is actually standard vs. glutamine enriched enteral or parenteral feeding formulas.
              MedlinePlus related topics: Burns

              Study Type: Interventional
              Study Design: Treatment, Randomized, Open Label, Active Control, Parallel Assignment, Efficacy Study

              Official Title: Study of Glutamate and Glutamine Metabolism in Burn Patients Receiving Enteral or Parenteral Nutrition

              Further study details as provided by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS):
              Primary Outcomes: This is a nutritional study. The primary outcome is to measure the protein kinetics for metabolism of the amino acid, glutamate and glutamine. Fate will be determine from measurements of subject blood and air samples.
              Expected Total Enrollment: 40
              Study start: October 2004
              Last follow-up: October 2005

              We hypothesize that:

              Burn patients will experience an increased conversion of glutamine to glutamate and a decreased conversion of glutamate to glutamine as compared to healthy subjects. The net direction is from glutamine to glutamate in burn patients and would render glutamine as a conditionally essential amino acid.
              Because of the limited ability of liver to oxidize glutamate, it is possible that large doses of glutamine may cause increased gluconeogenesis in burn patients, thus aggravating the glucose homeostasis secondary to insulin resistance.
              Enterally and parenterally fed glutamine and glutamate have different metabolic fate in the splanchnic bed and peripheral regions, therefore the doses should be tailored according to the route of administration.
              This study, using stable isotope tracers, aims to track the metabolic fate of glutamine and glutamate in body with the goal of enhancing nutritional efficiency.

              Eligibility

              Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and above, Genders Eligible for Study: Both
              Criteria
              Inclusion Criteria:

              One or more of the following:

              5% Total Body Surface Area Thermal Burn
              Inhalation Injury
              Resting Energy Expenditure of >15% of the predicted Basal Metabolic Rate Using Harris-Benedict.
              Receiving Enteral or Parental Nutritional Support
              Exclusion Criteria:

              Pre-existing:
              Thyroid disease
              Congestive Heart Failure (Ejection fraction <20%)
              Malignancy currently under treatment
              Medical conditions requiring glucocorticoid treatment
              Decision not to treat because of severity of injury
              Presence of Anoxic brain injury with no expectation for recovery
              Self-Inflicted thermal injury
              Ileus, gut paralysis, or facial injuries
              No NG or OG tube as part of their clinical care
              Location and Contact Information

              Please refer to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00181753
              Natalie L Harris, BSN nharris@partners.org
              Yong Ming Yu, PhD, MD

              Massachusetts
              Massachusetts General Hospital Burn Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States; Recruiting
              Natalie L. Harris, BSN nharris@partners.org
              Yong Ming Yu, MD, PhD
              John T. Schulz, MD, PhD, Sub-Investigator
              Colleen M Ryan, MD, Sub-Investigator
              Robert L Sheridan, MD, Sub-Investigator

              Study chairs or principal investigators

              Ronald G Tompkins, MD, ScD, Principal Investigator, MGH, Shriners Burn Hospital-Boston
              More Information

              Diese Website steht zum Verkauf! burnresearchcenter.org ist die beste Quelle für alle Informationen die Sie suchen. Von allgemeinen Themen bis hin zu speziellen Sachverhalten, finden Sie auf burnresearchcenter.org alles. Wir hoffen, dass Sie hier das Gesuchte finden!


              Study ID Numbers: 2P50 GM021700-27A1; 2004-P-001946
              Last Updated: March 27, 2006
              Record first received: September 13, 2005
              ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00181753
              Health Authority: United States: Institutional Review Board; United States: Federal Government
              ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on 2006-11-17



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              • **ACHILLES**82**
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                #9
                cmq sergio è molto facile fare confusione

                1)bisogna trovare studi su soggetti sani e\o sportivi e bisogna analizzare la sintesi proteica NEI MUSCOLI pre\post glutamina

                2)trovati tali studi bisogna giudicare

                3)il giudizio su tali studi è unanime date le premesse la glutamina non ha aumentato la sintesi proteica nei muscoli e quindi non si è tradotta in un aumento di "lean body mass" o "free fat body mass"

                ________________________________________________________

                la chiarezza la coerenza e la logica sono la base del metodo scentifico, senno si sbagliano le premesse.......a noi interessano studi chiari sull aumento di massa magra RELAZIONATO a glutamina su soggetti sportivi
                Last edited by **ACHILLES**82**; 18-11-2006, 19:26:12.

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                • **ACHILLES**82**
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                  #10
                  Originariamente Scritto da Sergio Visualizza Messaggio
                  A parte che quel link non porta da nessuna parte , ma ripeto, su internet trovi di tutto ed il contrario di tutto.
                  allora premetto che avevo scritto nel link la seguente cosa che non risulta, cmq poco male è semplice risolvere il problema

                  scrivete in quel link

                  "protein synthesis glutamine"


                  Sergio il problema non è che si trova tutto o il contrario di tutto il problema è la manovra commerciale che fa tale confusione.

                  Se vogliamo continuare il dialogo in onestà scentifica se si usano le giuste premesse come scritto sopra la conclusione è unanime sia su cio che funziona che su cio che non funziona...

                  poi lo so che la verità è scomoda

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                  • **ACHILLES**82**
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                    #11
                    Stress hormone and amino acid infusion in healthy volunteers: short-term effects on protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle.Wenner-Gren Institute for Experimental Biology, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
                    To study the immediate effects of stress hormones and intravenous amino acid support, healthy male volunteers were administered a stress-hormone infusion including epinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon either alone (Triple, n = 8) or combined with a balanced glutamine-free amino acid solution (Triple AA, n = 8) over a period of 6 hours. The amino acid infusion was started 2 hours after the hormone infusion. A third group (AA, n = 8) received the balanced amino acid solution alone. After 6 hours of the stress-hormone infusion, a decrease was observed in skeletal muscle protein synthesis as measured by the size distribution and concentration of ribosomes. The decrease was prevented by an infusion of the balanced amino acid solution. Following the triple-hormone infusion, a decrease was noted in the content of the total free amino acids in both muscle and plasma. After including amino acids in the infusion solution, the significant decrease in muscle glutamine caused by the triple hormones was not seen. Plasma cortisol, insulin, and glucose increased in response to the triple-hormone infusion alone or in combination with amino acids. In summary, the results show that the signs of muscle protein catabolism elicited by administration of stress hormones can be attenuated by simultaneous administration of a conventional amino acid solution, although it does not contain glutamine.

                    PS:METTIAMOCI L ANIMA IN PACE questo studio su soggetti sani in cui sono stati somministrati ormoni catabolici tipici di uno stato di post-allenamento ci fa vedere come la glutamina non fa una ****, se volete vi posto gli studi dove in SOGGETTI SANI non aumenta nemmeno la sintesi proteica

                    su malati a volte ma nemmeno sempre aiuta.....il discorso scentifico è chiaro quello commerciale è chiaro che punti sul grigio.....ne parlavo con un preparatore di atleti olimpionici e campione olimpico di seoul 88.....che faceva uno sport anaerobico con finale aerobico....vedete voi....ah tra l altro è laureato in medicina

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                    • **ACHILLES**82**
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                      #12
                      ho postato lo studio in cui le premesse sono perfette è impossibile negare la realtà.......sommatelo allo studio dell altro ragazzo........la realtà è chiara....

                      studi che dicono il contrario si riferiscono a malati o a non sportivi o a situazioni particolari.....

                      Per chi mi dice ok è un solo studio, io rispondo che con le premesse che interessano a noi tutti gli studi sono unanimi....la scienza è questo...


                      Perchè è facile ingannare la gente ? perchè basta postare uno studio in cui somminsitrata la sola glutamina si notano gli effetti benefici.....caxxo è ovvio che li abbia è un aminoacido....però appena si fa un doppio test con aminoacidi qualsiasi contro glutamina.....chissa perche la tesi è semplice la gluta non serve a nulla e nonf a la differenza....è un aminoacido come tutti gli altri con delle proprietà che dic erto non aumentano la massa muscolare.
                      Last edited by **ACHILLES**82**; 18-11-2006, 20:14:58.

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                      • Sergio
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                        #13
                        Achilles.... du palle, la glutammina la usano negli ospedali, nei centri grandi ustionati, la raccomandano i medici...

                        Tu, no, cerchi su Guggle e sei il detentore della verità in un secondo.

                        Du palle !!!



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                        • **ACHILLES**82**
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                          #14
                          Originariamente Scritto da Sergio Visualizza Messaggio
                          Achilles.... du palle, la glutammina la usano negli ospedali, nei centri grandi ustionati, la raccomandano i medici...

                          Tu, no, cerchi su Guggle e sei il detentore della verità in un secondo.

                          Du palle !!!
                          Io non ho infranto la legge io sono la legge


                          eddaje su ammetti la sconfitta che non c hai piu l eta

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                          • **ACHILLES**82**
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                            #15
                            lascio pubmed e approdo su un sito mecca.....da bb hard



                            qua però dicono pure peggio :-) strainutile

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